Tay SS, Carol H, Biro M (2016) TriKEs and BiKEs join CARs on the cancer immunotherapy

highway. Hum Vaccin Immunother 12:27902796. https://doi.org/10.1080/21645515.2016.

1198455

Taylor LD, Carmack CE, Huszar D, Higgins KM, Mashayekh R, Sequar G, Schramn SR, Kuo CC,

ODonnell SL, Kay RM (1994) Human immunoglobulin transgenes undergo rearrangement,

somatic mutation and class switching in mice that lack endogenous IgM. Int Immunol 6:579

591. https://doi.org/10.1093/intimm/6.4.579

Tomizuka K, Shinohara T, Yoshida H, Ohguma A, Tanaka S, Sato K, Oshimura M, Ishida I (2000)

Double trans-chromosomic mice: maintenance of two individual human chromosome fragments

containing Ig heavy and kappa loci and expression of fully human antibodies. Proc Natl Acad

Sci U S A 97:722727. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.97.2.722

Tsumoto K, Isozaki Y, Yagami H, Tomita M (2019) Future perspectives of therapeutic monoclonal

antibodies. Immunotherapy 11:119127. https://doi.org/10.2217/imt-2018-0130

Vaughan TJ, Williams AJ, Pritchard K, Osbourn JK, Pope AR, Earnshaw JC, McCafferty J, Hodits

RA, Wilton J, Johnson KS (1996) Human antibodies with sub-nanomolar afnities isolated

from a large non-immunized phage display library. Nat Biotechnol 14:309314. https://doi.org/

10.1038/nbt0396-309

Vincenti F, Kirkman R, Light S, Bumgardner G, Pescovitz M, Halloran P, Neylan J, Wilkinson A,

Ekberg H, Gaston R et al (1998) Interleukin-2 receptor blockade with daclizumab to prevent

acute rejection in renal transplantation. N Engl J Med 338:161165. https://doi.org/10.1056/

NEJM199801153380304

Wedemayer GJ, Patten PA, Wang LH, Schult PG, Stevens RC (1997) Structural insights into the

evolution of an antibody combining site. Science 276:16651669. https://doi.org/10.1126/

science.276.5319.1665

Weinblatt ME, Keystone EC, Furst DE, Moreland LW, Weisman MH, Birbara CA, Teoh LA,

Fischkoff SA, Chartash EK (2003) Adalimumab, a fully human anti-tumor necrosis factor alpha

monoclonal antibody for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis in patients taking concomitant

methotrexate: the ARMADA trial. Arthritis Rheum 48:3545. https://doi.org/10.1002/art.10697

Wrammert J, Smith K, Miller J, Langley WA, Kokko K, Larsen C, Zheng NY, Mays I, Garman L,

Helms C et al (2008) Rapid cloning of high-afnity human monoclonal antibodies against

inuenza virus. Nature 453:667671. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature06890

Wu TT, Kabat EA (1970) An analysis of the sequences of the variable regions of Bence Jones

proteins and myeloma light chains and their implications for antibody complementarity. J Exp

Med 132:211250. https://doi.org/10.1084/jem.132.2.211

Yu F, Xiang R, Deng X, Wang L, Yu Z, Tian S, Liang R, Li Y, Ying T, Jiang S (2020) Receptor-

binding domain-specic human neutralizing monoclonal antibodies against SARS-CoV and

SARS-CoV-2. Signal Transduct Target Ther 5:212. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41392-020-

00318-0

Zimmermann J, Oakman EL, Thorpe IF, Shi X, Abbyad P, Brooks CL 3rd, Boxer SG, Romesberg

FE (2006) Antibody evolution constrains conformational heterogeneity by tailoring protein

dynamics. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 103:1372213727. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.

0603282103

418

S. K. Gupta and P. Chaudhary